Update on pacing and implantable cardioverter defibrillators in children

Pacemakers and implantable cardioverter defibrillators are important therapies in the pediatric and congenital heart disease population. However, these therapies, while potentially life-saving, have major limitations which are particular to the pediatric age group. Lead malfunction, inappropriate discharges, and venous obstruction all complicate device usage in this group. This review will address issues with pacemaker and defibrillator use in the pediatric and congenital heart disease population and discuss potential advances in the area in the next 5 to 10 years.