Estrogen induces multiple regulatory B cell subtypes and promotes M2 microglia and neuroprotection during experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis

•E2 treatment induces B cell regulation by IL-10 and IFN-γ dependent pathways in EAE.•E2 treatment enhances the frequency of regulatory B cells in the CNS.•E2 treatment enhances the frequency of M2 microglia in the CNS.

Sex hormones promote immunoregulatory effects on multiple sclerosis. The current study evaluated estrogen effects on regulatory B cells and resident CNS microglia during experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Herein, we demonstrate an estrogen-dependent induction of multiple regulatory B cell markers indicative of IL-10 dependent as well as IFN-γ dependent pathways. Moreover, although estrogen pretreatment of EAE mice inhibited the infiltration of pro-inflammatory cells into the CNS, it enhanced the frequency of regulatory B cells and M2 microglia. Our study suggests that estrogen has a broad effect on the development of regulatory B cells during EAE, which in turn could promote neuroprotection.

Graphical abstractFigure optionsDownload full-size imageDownload high-quality image (69 K)Download as PowerPoint slide