Microbial Invasions: The Process, Patterns, and Mechanisms

There has recently been a surge of literature examining microbial invasions into a variety of environments. These studies often include a component of biological diversity as a major factor determining an invader's fate, yet common results are rarely cross-compared. Since many studies only present a snapshot of the entire invasion process, a bird's eye view is required to piece together the entire continuum, which we find consists of introduction, establishment, spread, and impact phases. We further examine the patterns and mechanisms associated with invasion resistance and create a mechanistic synthesis governed by the species richness, species evenness, and resource availability of resident communities. We conclude by exploring the advantages of using a theoretical invasion framework across different fields.Video Abstract To view the video inline, enable JavaScript on your browser. However, you can download and view the video by clicking on the icon belowHelp with MP4 filesOptionsDownload video (50694 K)

TrendsMicrobial invasions are widespread in nature and resemble a process of (i) introduction, (ii) establishment, (iii) growth and spread, and (iv) impact. This process is crucial in determining the diversity and distribution of microbes across the Earth.Invasion resistance is a product of microbial community diversity. More diverse communities are better able to exploit available resources than less diverse communities. This limits any sustenance for an invading population and ultimately leads to its elimination.The addition of resources to even a highly diverse community can temporarily uncouple the relationship between diversity and invasion.The ecological principles that govern microbial invasions can be used to advance practical applications, such as biocontrol, biofertilization, and probiotic use.