Five Minute Speech Sample in developmental research: A review

•The Five Minute Speech Sample (FMSS) procedure and rating constructs are reviewed.•The applicability to the study of parent–child relationships is discussed.•Novel coding systems and adapted FMSS procedures are presented.•Conceptual and methodological concerns are identified.•Recommendations to address these issues in future research are proposed.

The Five Minute Speech Sample (FMSS) originated in the adult psychiatry literature, and is mostly used for assessing caregivers' expressed emotion (EE) regarding a relative with mental illness. In recent years the FMSS has been increasingly employed in research with parents and young children. This review focuses on the FMSS procedure from a developmental perspective. We open with a historical overview of the origins of the FMSS and the EE coding system, followed by a summary of FMSS-EE developmental research. Next, adaptations of the FMSS-EE rating schemes and new FMSS coding systems that tap other aspects of the quality of parents' speech samples are outlined. Recent promising adaptations of the FMSS procedure that involve a series of follow-up questions or go beyond asking parents to speak about their child are also presented. In closing, conceptual and methodological considerations that are important for future advances in FMSS developmental research are identified, and specific recommendations to address these considerations are proposed.