How a picture facilitates the process of learning from text: Evidence for scaffolding

•Briefly inspecting a picture allows extracting its global spatial structure (GSS).•The GSS acts as a mental scaffold during text comprehension.•The GSS facilitates text comprehension as reflected in shorter reading times.•Eye movements indicate that the GSS is reactivated during text processing.•Availability of the GSS prior to reading text supports mental model construction.

Three experiments were conducted to study on a more fine-grained level how processing a picture facilitates learning from text. In Experiment 1 (N = 85), results from a drawing task revealed that the global spatial structure of a pulley system picture was extracted even from its brief inspection (for 600 ms, 2 s). In Experiment 2 (N = 105), students who initially inspected the pulley system picture (for 600 ms, 2 s, or self-paced) had better comprehension of the system's functions and made more eye movements in line with the system's global spatial structure when listening to text than students who listened to text only. In Experiment 3 (N = 39), students who first saw the picture (for 2 s) processed written text of the pulley system's spatial structure more efficiently than students who read text only. Results suggest that global spatial information extracted from the picture was used as a mental scaffold to facilitate mental model construction.