Frequency induced risk assessment for a power system accounting uncertainties in operation of protective equipments

A simple deterministic frequency stability model is developed in this work together with its stochastic counterpart. While the deterministic model captures the fundamental characteristics of short-term frequency dynamics such as abnormal frequency tripping of generators, the stochastic model further maintains the probabilistic characteristics of frequency dynamics, such as stochastic characteristics of frequency relays. The models are particularly suitable for studying system cascading failures introduced by frequency distortions. Our simulation results reveal that the relationship between blackout power loss and frequency has the characteristics of power law.