Aerodynamic shape optimization by variable-fidelity computational fluid dynamics models: A review of recent progress

•Here, we present a brief overview of recent variable-fidelity aerodynamic shape optimization methods.•The specific techniques considered here include multi-level design optimization, space mapping, and shape-preserving response prediction.•All of them use the same prediction-correction scheme.•But they differ in the way the low-fidelity model information it utilized to construct the surrogate.•The techniques are compared by solving several transonic airfoil design cases.

A brief review of some recent variable-fidelity aerodynamic shape optimization methods is presented. We discuss three techniques that—by exploiting information embedded in low-fidelity computational fluid dynamics (CFD) models—are able to yield a satisfactory design at a low computational cost, usually corresponding to a few evaluations of the original, high-fidelity CFD model to be optimized. The specific techniques considered here include multi-level design optimization, space mapping, and shape-preserving response prediction. All of them use the same prediction–correction scheme, however, they differ in the way the low-fidelity model information it utilized to construct the surrogate model. The presented techniques are illustrated using three specific cases of transonic airfoil design involving lift maximization and drag minimization.