Spontaneous mobile device authentication based on sensor data

Small, mobile devices or infrastructure devices without user interfaces, such as Bluetooth headsets, wireless LAN access points, or printers, often need to communicate securely over wireless networks. Active attacks can only be prevented by authenticating wireless communication, which is problematic when devices do not have any a priori information about each other. In this article, we describe three different authentication methods for device-to-device authentication based on sensor data from various physical out-of-band channels: shaking devices together, authentication based on spatial reference, and transmission via visible laser.