Article ID | Journal | Published Year | Pages | File Type |
---|---|---|---|---|
4752549 | Biotechnology Advances | 2017 | 112 Pages |
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a severe, chronic and progressive neurodegenerative disease associated with memory and cognition impairment ultimately leading to death. It is the commonest reason of dementia in elderly populations mostly affecting beyond the age of 65. The pathogenesis is indicated by accumulation of the amyloid-beta (Aβ) plaques and neurofibrillary tangles (NFT) in brain tissues and hyperphosphorylation of tau protein in neurons. The main cause is considered to be the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) due to oxidative stress. The current treatment provides only symptomatic relief by offering temporary palliative therapy which declines the rate of cognitive impairment associated with AD. Inhibition of the enzyme acetylcholinesterase (AChE) is considered as one of the major therapeutic strategies offering only symptomatic relief and moderate disease-modifying effect. Other non-cholinergic therapeutic approaches include antioxidant and vitamin therapy, stem cell therapy, hormonal therapy, use of antihypertensive or lipid-lowering medications and selective phosphodiesterase (PDE) inhibitors, inhibition of β-secretase and γ-secretase and Aβ aggregation, inhibition of tau hyperphosphorylation and intracellular NFT, use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), transition metal chelators, insulin resistance drugs, etanercept, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) etc. Medicinal plants have been reported for possible anti-AD activity in a number of preclinical and clinical trials. Ethnobotany, being popular in China and in the Far East and possibly less emphasized in Europe, plays a substantial role in the discovery of anti-AD agents from botanicals. Chinese Material Medica (CMM) involving Chinese medicinal plants has been used traditionally in China in the treatment of AD. Ayurveda has already provided numerous lead compounds in drug discovery and many of these are also undergoing clinical investigations. A number of medicinal plants either in their crude forms or as isolated compounds have exhibited to reduce the pathological features associated with AD. In this present review, an attempt has been made to elucidate the molecular mode of action of various plant extracts, phytochemicals and traditional herbal formulations investigated against AD as reported in various preclinical and clinical tests. Herbal synergism often found in polyherbal formulations were found effective to combat disease heterogeneity as found in complex pathogenesis of AD. Finally a note has been added to describe biotechnological improvement, genetic and genomic resources and mathematical and statistical techniques for empirical model building associated with anti-AD plant secondary metabolites and their source botanicals.
Keywords
AMPKCREBNSAIDSNF-κBPI3K6-OHDAMMPLPSTRPV1COXJnk4-hydroxynonenalANNSSRAGRSFEmRNACuSGFAPNGSLRPIFSNaAGTLMSCsSTSNrf2SACPALBACE1AβEGCGHO-1mTOR6-HydroxydopamineEPOBcl-2ERKPTZSNCPDECCAISSRRAPDIBAQTLF3HTBARSWPMiNOSp-CACaMVnAChRMAO-AeNOSAPPbutyrylcholinesteraseCaMKIIBPDTNFR1GSK-3βMPTPOGDNMDAPAGCGNsHbOSAMP8nNOSmGluR1EOADSTZPS2AChEIsTrkBPKCγADAM10NMDARCMM3-NP8-oxo-dGNFTHNEPARPβ-APPSAHEBIp-CREBphospho-CREBMAO-BTLR4TDEZ-ligustilideNogo-66 receptorN-methyl d-aspartateNgRTACECCR5PC12PKCαNOD2RIP2c-Jun NH(2)-terminal kinaseKRGDADSMIP-1βBChE4CL4-coumarate: CoA ligaseGBEDecursinol angelateBMECsRGC-5protein kinase Cγβ-secretase 1IKK-βPyCRSKTBIlipid lowering agentsPADI4Yi-Gan San4-O-methylhonokiolAF64AAPP23Pheochromocytoma 12WMLsHBMECsLate onset Alzheimer's diseaseC-C chemokine receptor type 5Acetylcholine-esteraseNFE2L1(−)-Epigallocatechin-3-gallate1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine1-naphthaleneacetic acid2,4-D3-nitropropionic acid8-oxo-2′-deoxyguanosineBDNFRandom amplified polymorphic DNAESTsIκB kinase βIL1βLIGMECsMurashige and SkoogNPCsp-Coumaric acidp38 MAPKmessenger RNAROSHydrogen peroxideAstrocytesTraumatic brain injuryEarly brain injuryamyloid βamyloid-betaTNF-α converting enzymecyclooxygenaseAChEEarly onset Alzheimer's diseaseTight junctionborderline personality disorderAttention-Deficit/Hyperactivity DisordererythropoietinSupercritical fluid extractionmicrowave-assisted extractionstreptozotocinAcetylcholinesteraseSprague-DawleyUrsolic acidibotenic acidkainic acidgamma-aminobutyric acidmarker-assisted selectionHyperbaric oxygenisoflavone synthaseinterleukin-1 βLoadBaxMAEMASADHDAlzheimer's diseaseHuntington's diseaseParkinson's diseaseBiotechnologytropomyosin receptor kinase BQuantitative trait lociNext-generation sequencingsubstantia nigra pars compactatumor necrosis factor-αInter-simple sequence repeatExpressed sequence tagsmaternal separationKorean red ginsengMaximal electroshockSubarachnoid hemorrhageNonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugsCNSSimple sequence repeatsDichlorophenoxyacetic acidResponse surface methodologyRSMWorld Health OrganizationBBBHuman brain microvascular endothelial cellsMesenchymal stem cellsRetinal ganglion cellscerebellar granule cellsMicrovascular endothelial cellsbrain microvascular endothelial cellsNeural progenitor cellsAgeinducible nitric oxide synthaseendothelial nitric oxide synthaseneuronal nitric oxide synthaseStilbene synthasecentral nervous systemS-allyl cysteineendoplasmic reticulumArtificial Neural NetworkWhite matter lesionsAged garlic extractGinkgo biloba extractantioxidant responsive elementVascular endothelial growth factorVascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF)Brain-derived neurotrophic factorTNF-αnuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cellsBioavailabilityherbal formulationphosphatase and tensin homologPhosphodiesterasephosphoinositide 3 kinaseflavanone 3-hydroxylasephenylalanine ammonia-lyasePhytochemicallactate dehydrogenaseLDHB-cell lymphoma 2B-cell lymphoma-extra largelipopolysaccharideBlood-brain barriermacrophage inflammatory protein-1βOxygen-glucose deprivationMeSCu/Zn-SODICHacetylcholinesterase inhibitorsMetabolic engineeringChinese material medicaMultiple sclerosismonoamine oxidase Amonoamine oxidase Bmammalian target of rapamycinAREheme oxygenase 1H2O2Woody Plant Mediumcauliflower mosaic virusMitochondrial membrane potentialBCL2-associated X proteincyclic AMP response element binding proteinGlial fibrillary acidic proteinLipoprotein receptor-related proteinβ-amyloid precursor proteinamyloid precursor proteinProtein kinase Cα5′ adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinasep38 mitogen-activated protein kinasePresenilin 2poly (ADP-ribose) polymeraseSingle nucleotide polymorphismPentylenetetrazolePycnogenolChATSNPPolyacrylamide gelPtencaveolin-1transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V member 1Cav-1WHOcholine acetyl transferaseextracellular signal-regulated kinaseGABAGallic acidGlycogen synthase kinase-3βthiobarbituric acid reactive speciesReactive oxygen speciesbotanicalN-methyl-d-aspartate receptornicotinic acetylcholine receptorToll-like receptor 4tumor necrosis factor receptor 1receptor-interacting protein 2
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Authors
Abhijit Dey, Raktim Bhattacharya, Anuradha Mukherjee, Devendra Kumar Pandey,