Audio-Haptic Map: An Orientation and Mobility Aid for Individuals with Blindness

The aim of the present research was to examine whether spatial knowledge structured after an individual with visual impairments had studied an audio-haptic map, could be used: a) for his/her independent and efficient movement within the mapped area, as well as b) for detecting in the area specific points of interest initially presented on the map or not. The map was provided through a multimodal application and was studied with the use of a force feedback haptic device. Eleven adults with blindness (total blindness or only light perception) took part in the research. The age ranged from 20 years to 61 years. The results clearly support the significance of the specific application as an aid to structure spatial knowledge and cognitive maps. That kind of knowledge could be used consequently for orientation and mobility in an urban environment.