How low exergy buildings and distributed electricity storage can contribute to flexibility within the demand side

The PV and the battery input power were found to be mainly related to the objective of reducing the energy cost. On the other hand, the battery capacity and output power were found to be associated with the peak reduction objective. Users invest less than 10% of the total battery investment share in the battery input power. This fact indicates that contrary to a battery usage driven by the price volatility, which is proposed in many models, the battery is mainly used as power-to-energy buffer. Energy is slowly stored in the battery and rapidly released at critical peak hours.