Homework Expectancy Value Scale for high school students: Measurement invariance and latent mean differences across gender and grade level

The current study validated the Homework Expectancy Value Scale (HEVS) for high school students. Results revealed that the HEVS consisted of two distinct but related subscales: Expectancy and Value. Given satisfactory measurement invariance, the latent mean differences were further examined across gender (males vs. females) and grade level (10th vs. 11th). Results revealed that, compared with males, females had significantly higher scores in Value. Meanwhile, there were no statistically significant mean differences across grade level. Finally, consistent with theoretical expectations, Expectancy and Value were negatively correlated with homework distraction, and positively correlated to homework effort, emotion regulation, and completion.