2008 Benjamin Franklin medal in life science is Presented to Victor Ambros, Ph.D. (University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts), Gary Ruvkun, Ph.D. (Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts) an

The discovery of small RNAs that can turn off genes has given us a new way to think about how genes are regulated. These molecules are present in all complex organisms and are thought to regulate upwards of 30% of human genes. Due to their small size, their discovery was surprisingly recent and was underappreciated initially. Beginning with two back-to-back papers published in 1993, the labs of Victor Ambros and Gary Ruvkun reported the first small RNA (now known as a microRNA or miRNA) and how it regulated a target mRNA in the roundworm Caenorhabditis elegans through base-pairing interactions. It took until 1999 for another report to document novel small RNAs in complex systems, when David Balcoumbe discovered similarly sized molecules, now known as small interfering RNAs or siRNAs, that were associated with shutting off or “silencing” genes in plants. A frenzy of reports on small RNAs and their roles in turning off genes ensued with many researchers including Ambros, Ruvkun, and Baulcombe prominently participating. Almost instantly it became clear that small RNAs were not a quaint oddity exclusive to the worm, and molecular biology was never the same. Now we know that these molecules are critical for normal growth and development, are associated with cancer and other diseases, and have tremendous applied potential to improve agriculture and human health.