Positive psychopathology: Social anxiety via character strengths underuse and overuse

•Optimal strengths use is positively correlated with life satisfaction and flourishing.•Underuse and overuse of strengths are positively correlated with depression.•Underuse of strengths has more negative consequences than overuse.•A combination of under-overuses of strengths predicts social anxiety.•A combination of under-overuses of strengths differentiates between SAD and non-SAD.

Despite a number of theoretical propositions suggesting that character strengths are multidimensional and may have darker sides, to date strengths have been approached strictly as a positive entity. The current study sought to (a) define and measure these darker sides of character strengths in the form of underuse-overuse, as well as their traditionally positive counterpart--optimal use--and their associations with positive and negative outcomes, and (b) explain the role of specific strengths' underuse-overuse in social anxiety.Based on an international sample of 238 adults, we found that general character strengths underuse and overuse were related to negative outcomes, while optimal use was related to positive outcomes. The overuse of social intelligence and humility, and underuse of zest, humor, self-regulation and social intelligence was associated with social anxiety. Using discriminant analysis, this combination successfully re-sorted 87.3% of the participants into those that do and do not have clinical levels of social anxiety. These findings suggest that strengths are in fact multifaceted, providing novel insight into the role that sub-optimal-use facets play in undesirable outcomes, providing a glimpse of psychopathology through the lens of positive psychology.