Mindfulness as an end-state: construction of a trait measure of mindfulness

•A new scale of trait mindfulness was created and validated.•A key of end-state mindfulness is a non-judgmental moment-to-moment perception.•End-state mindfulness is neutral to positive and negative emotional experiences.

Mindfulness has been studied extensively in both basic and clinical settings; however, discussions still persist. The current research approached this issue by creating a new measure of trait mindfulness. The construct defined within is end-state mindfulness and is a tendency to see things as they are moment by moment without any judgment. The newly created scale was validated in three studies. End-state mindfulness was negatively correlated with rumination, suppression, neuroticism, and better-than-average effect, but was not correlated with both positive and negative trait-affectivity; it also moderated negative emotional reactions in the context of mortality salience. End-state mindfulness was differentiated from the past measure of mindfulness in many aspects.