An energetically coherent lumped parameter model of the left ventricle specially developed for educational purposes

We present a Bond Graph model and simulation of the cardiac dynamics of the left ventricle (LV). It models all the levels from the mechanisms of contraction up to the hemodynamics of the LV. We validate our model by presenting several case studies. The goal is to build a model with a strong physiological basis that may be understood in physical terms but, in contrast with other existing models, may be simulated sufficiently fast to use it as a teaching tool in cardiovascular physiology and allow its integration as a boundary condition in more sophisticated 3D finite-element models.