Accounting for sampling weights in PLS path modeling: Simulations and empirical examples

Applications of partial least squares (PLS) path modeling usually focus on survey responses in management, social science, and market research studies, with researchers using their collected samples to estimate population parameters. For this purpose, the sample must represent the population. However, population members are often not equally likely to be included in the sample, which indicates that sampling units have different probabilities of being selected. Hence, sampling (post-stratification) weights should be used to obtain consistent estimates when estimating population parameters. We discuss alterations to the basic PLS path modeling algorithm to consider sampling weights in order to achieve better average population estimates in situations where researchers have a set of appropriate weights. We illustrate the effectiveness and usefulness of the approach with simulations and an empirical example of a job attitude model, using data from Ireland.