Optimal recharging scheduling for urban electric buses: A case study in Davis

In this paper, a modeling framework to optimize electric bus recharging schedules is developed, which determines both the planning and operational decisions while minimizing total annual costs. The model is demonstrated using a real-world transit network based in Davis, California. The results showed that range anxiety can be eliminated by adopting certain recharging strategies. Sensitivity analyses revealed that the model could provide transit agencies with comprehensive guidance on the utilization of electric buses and development of a fast charging system. The comparative analyses showed that it was more economical and environmentally friendly to utilize electric buses than diesel buses.