Mueller-matrix model of an inhomogeneous, linear, birefringent medium: Single scattering case

Using the anisotropic phase-screen method, we derive the generalized Mueller matrix of an inhomogeneous, linear, birefringent medium in the single-scattering case. We show that the Mueller matrix include eight nonzero elements with relations among elements given by m11=m22, m12=m21, m33=m44, and m34=m43. Using the derived Mueller-matrix model, we simulate polarization optics for calcite, quartz, and sodium nitrate crystals. At λ=0.63 μm and with small inhomogeneities, the matrix elements are a function of the standard deviation of the crystal thickness, while m12 shows pronounced sensitivity to the difference of refractive indices. At an observation angle of 0°, inhomogeneous birefringent media behaves as if they are partial polarizers. Matrix elements most sensitive to the inhomogeneity in the UV to near IR wavelengths have been determined.