Article ID | Journal | Published Year | Pages | File Type |
---|---|---|---|---|
5508787 | Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular Cell Research | 2016 | 158 Pages |
Abstract
Glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3) is a serine/threonine kinase that participates in an array of critical cellular processes. GSK-3 was first characterized as an enzyme that phosphorylated and inactivated glycogen synthase. However, subsequent studies have revealed that this moon-lighting protein is involved in numerous signaling pathways that regulate not only metabolism but also have roles in: apoptosis, cell cycle progression, cell renewal, differentiation, embryogenesis, migration, regulation of gene transcription, stem cell biology and survival. In this review, we will discuss the roles that GSK-3 plays in various diseases as well as how this pivotal kinase interacts with multiple signaling pathways such as: PI3K/PTEN/Akt/mTOR, Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK, Wnt/beta-catenin, hedgehog, Notch and TP53. Mutations that occur in these and other pathways can alter the effects that natural GSK-3 activity has on regulating these signaling circuits that can lead to cancer as well as other diseases. The novel roles that microRNAs play in regulation of the effects of GSK-3 will also be evaluated. Targeting GSK-3 and these other pathways may improve therapy and overcome therapeutic resistance.
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Authors
James A. McCubrey, Dariusz Rakus, Agnieszka Gizak, Linda S. Steelman, Steve L. Abrams, Kvin Lertpiriyapong, Timothy L. Fitzgerald, Li V. Yang, Giuseppe Montalto, Melchiorre Cervello, Massimo Libra, Ferdinando Nicoletti, Aurora Scalisi, Francesco Torino,