Impact of sodium chloride on the expansion of a liquid-liquid miscibility gap in an API/water system. Case study of Brivaracetam

Brivaracetam, or (2S)-2-[(4R)-2-oxo-4-propyl-pyrrolidin-1-yl] butanamide, is an active pharmaceutical ingredient designed for the treatment of epilepsy. During the development of the IV administration mode, a liquid-liquid miscibility gap has been observed with pure water, isotonic and hypertonic solutions (vehicle at 0.9% w/w and 5%w/w NaCl respectively). The study reveals that the NaCl concentration has a direct impact on the extent of the demixing domain; from a sub-micronic demixing in pure water towards a macroscopic miscibility gap in hypertonic aqueous solutions. The thorough exploration of these heterogeneous equilibria led to define experimental parameters for safe IV injections without risk of liquid - liquid miscibility gap at 37 °C.

Graphical abstractThe intravenous formulations of brivaracetam, a new antiepileptic drug, marketed under the name Briviact® are explored by means of a thermodynamic investigation and the impact of sodium chloride in isotonic and hypertonic solutions is established with respect to the formation of liquid-liquid miscibility gaps in the respective phase diagrams.Download high-res image (81KB)Download full-size image