Impact of HIV on the human gut microbiota: Challenges and perspectives

Interplay between the gut microbiota and the immune system during HIV infection is currently a subject of intense research. Several remarkable works were recently published and clearly associated structural changes in its composition with disease progression markers. As well, specific commensal species were reported to contribute to immune activation during the infection. However, the use of extremely varied material and methods has led to inconsistent findings, sometimes discrepant. Herein, we propose to review the main studies dedicated to the impact of HIV on the gut microbiota composition such as those deciphering interplay between gut bacterial species and the immune system during the infection. We finally provide exciting perspectives in modulating the HIV gut microbiome to lessen disease progression as a novel adjuvant treatment.