Article ID | Journal | Published Year | Pages | File Type |
---|---|---|---|---|
5844049 | Pharmacology & Therapeutics | 2013 | 13 Pages |
Abstract
Hypertension is an epidemic health concern and a major risk factor for the development of cardiovascular disease. Although there are available treatment strategies for hypertension, numerous hypertensive patients do not have their clinical symptoms under control and it is imperative that new avenues to treat or prevent high blood pressure in these patients are developed. It is well established that increases in sympathetic nervous system (SNS) outflow and enhanced renin-angiotensin system (RAS) activity are common features of hypertension and various pathological conditions that predispose individuals to hypertension. More recently, hypertension has also become recognized as an immune condition and accumulating evidence suggests that interactions between the RAS, SNS and immune systems play a role in blood pressure regulation. This review summarizes what is known about the interconnections between the RAS, SNS and immune systems in the neural regulation of blood pressure. Based on the reviewed studies, a model for RAS/neuroimmune interactions during hypertension is proposed and the therapeutic potential of targeting RAS/neuroimmune interactions in hypertensive patients is discussed. Special emphasis is placed on the applicability of the proposed model to obesity-related hypertension.
Keywords
Angiotensin type-2 receptorNTSRVLMAT1RIMLPRRACE2IL-10IL-1βCCR2AT2RSNSSFOMCP-1RASTpoRTNFαIL-6CCL2GFAPACECVORostral ventral lateral medullaAng-(1–7)Iba-1angiotensinAngiotensin (1–7)angiotensin-IIAngiotensin-converting enzymeAngiotensin-converting enzyme 2AngiotensinogeninflammationInterleukin-10interleukin-6Interleukin-1βtumor necrosis factor-αSpontaneously Hypertensive RatAng-IIReninintermediolateral cell columnBBBBlood–brain barrierRenin–angiotensin systemsympathetic nervous systemShrMIFMacrophage migration inhibitory factorSubfornical organCircumventricular organBlood pressureArcPVNionized calcium binding adaptor molecule 1Microglianucleus of the solitary tractarcuate nucleus of the hypothalamusparaventricular nucleus of the hypothalamusAGTMonocyte chemotactic protein-1Glial fibrillary acidic proteinAngiotensin type-1 receptor
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Authors
Annette D. de Kloet, Eric G. Krause, Peng D. Shi, Jasenka Zubcevic, Mohan K. Raizada, Colin Sumners,