Prosthetic Valve Endocarditis After Transcatheter Valve Replacement: A Systematic Review

ObjectivesThe aim of this review is to describe the incidence, features, predisposing factors, and outcomes of prosthetic valve endocarditis (PVE) after transcatheter valve replacement (TVR).BackgroundVery few data exist on PVE after TVR.MethodsStudies published between 2000 and 2013 regarding PVE in patients with transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) or transcatheter pulmonary valve replacement (TPVR) were identified through a systematic electronic search.ResultsA total of 28 publications describing 60 patients (32 TAVRs, 28 TPVRs) were identified. Most TAVR patients (66% male, 80 ± 7 years of age) had a very high-risk profile (mean logistic EuroSCORE: 30.4 ± 14.0%). In TPVR patients (90% male, 19 ± 6 years of age), PVE was more frequent in the stenotic conduit/valve (61%). The median time between TVR and infective endocarditis was 5 months (interquartile range: 2 to 9 months). Typical microorganisms were mostly found with a higher incidence of enterococci after TAVR (34.4%), and Staphylococcus aureus after TPVR (29.4%). As many as 60% of the TAVR-PVE patients were managed medically despite related complications such as local extension, embolism, and heart failure in more than 50% of patients. The valve explantation rate was 57% and 23% in balloon- and self-expandable valves, respectively. In-hospital mortality for TAVR-PVE was 34.4%. Most TPVR-PVE patients (75%) were managed surgically, and in-hospital mortality was 7.1%.ConclusionsMost cases of PVE post-TVR involved male patients, with a very high-risk profile (TAVR) or underlying stenotic conduit/valve (TPVR). Typical, but different, microorganisms of PVE were involved in one-half of the TAVR and TPVR cases. Most TPVR-PVE patients were managed surgically as opposed to TAVR patients, and the mortality rate was high, especially in the TAVR cohort.