Effect of the thermodynamic properties of W/O microemulsions on samarium oxide nanoparticle size

In this work, we report the preparation of the Sm2O3 nanoparticle precursors (Sm(OH)3) via a simple W/O microemulsion process, in which microemulsions of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB)/alkanol/1-octane/Sm(NO3)3 aqueous solution were added into sodium hydroxide (NaOH) aqueous solutions. The Sm2O3 nanoparticles were then prepared by calcining the precursors at 900 °C. Particularly, ΔGc → i, which is the change in standard Gibbs free energy for transferring cosurfactant from the continuous phase to the microemulsion interface and can be used to estimate the thermodynamic properties of microemulsions, was determined using the dilution method. The effects of alkanol carbon chain length (1-pentanol, 1-hexanol, 1-heptanol and 1-octanol) and the reaction temperatures (298, 308, 318 and 328 K) on both ΔGc → i and Sm2O3 nanoparticle size have been investigated. Specifically, the Sm2O3 nanoparticle size, when calcined at 900 °C, was found to be mainly controlled by ΔGc → i, and was thereby affected by the thermodynamic properties of microemulsions. The obtained products were characterized by DSC–TGA, XRD, TEM and UV–Vis. The results showed that ΔGc → i decreased with the increase in both the length of alkanol carbon chain and the reaction temperature, and the average size of Sm2O3 nanoparticles decreased as ΔGc → i decreased. The effect of microemulsion thermodynamic properties on Sm2O3 nanoparticle size reported here can provide some insights in controllable preparation of other rare earth oxide nanoparticles via the microemulsion route.

Graphical abstractThe average size of Sm2O3 nanoparticles is closely related to the standard Gibbs free energy change for transferring cosurfactant from the continuous phase to the interface of microemulsions (ΔGc → i).Figure optionsDownload full-size imageDownload as PowerPoint slide