Comparison of molecular dynamics simulations with triple layer and modified Gouy–Chapman models in a 0.1 M NaCl–montmorillonite system

Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of a montmorillonite/water interface at the pore scale were carried out at 0.1 mol L−1 NaCl concentration in order to constrain cation, anion, and water distribution and mobility influenced by the mineral surface. MD results enabled anion exclusion and cation condensation at the surface to be quantified. MD-derived values could then be compared with macroscopic model results obtained from the Modified Gouy–Chapman (MGC) theory. While the Na concentration profile is well reproduced in the diffuse layer, anion exclusion is overestimated by the MGC theory under our experimental conditions. We also showed that MD simulations can be used to constrain Basic Stern model parameters or, in combination with zeta potential measurements, can be used to constrain triple layer model (TLM) parameters by providing suitable values for the capacitance values. Na sorption intrinsic equilibrium constant values for clay basal surfaces are given accordingly.

Graphical abstractDiffuse swarm composition from the triple layer model with (Na, red dashed line; Cl, blue dashed line) and comparison with MD results (Na, red full line; Cl, blue full line). Vertical dotted lines represent the position of the β and d-planes. The full black line is the water density as a function of the distance from the clay surface.Figure optionsDownload full-size imageDownload as PowerPoint slide