Silica supported phospholipid layers doped with GM1: A comparison between different methods

A method to coat hydrophobic surfaces with lipid molecules in a reproducible manner and in which the lipid molecules are resistant to detergent washings, would benefit the development of new ELISA assays. This work presents different approaches to build 1,2-dioleolyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DOPC) layers doped with a monosialoganglioside (GM1) supported on silica surfaces, which are stable toward buffer rinsing and washing with surfactant (Tween 20). The three methods employed were: method 1, coadsorption of DOPC:GM1 (0–10 mol%) with the surfactant n-dodecyl-β-D-maltoside (DDM) from micellar solutions, with successive adsorption and rinsing steps; method 2, vesicle fusion from DOPC: GM1 (0–10 mol%) liposomes; and method 3, deposition of GM1 from organic solvent (chloroform) and exposure to an aqueous environment (hydration method). The vesicle fusion method was also tested in polystyrene surfaces. Cholera toxin subunit B (CTB) was used to detect the presence of GM1 on the formed layers. The results indicated that the vesicle fusion was the only method that was successful in creating stable mono- and bilayers onto hydrophobized and hydrophilic silica, respectively. The mixed micellar solution method was suitable for creating pure lipid (DOPC) monolayers but the incorporation of GM1 in the micelles led to monolayers which were very unstable with respect to buffer rinsing. The hydration method led to monolayers of GM1 that were partly rinsed off by a continuous buffer flow. Adsorption of CTB was found to be proportional to the amount of GM1 present in the liposomes. The amount of CTB adsorbed onto the lipid bilayers was roughly the double as the one determined on the monolayers with the same liposome compositions. The vesicle fusion method was also able to create monolayers of pure DOPC and DOPC:10 mol% GM1 on the polystyrene surfaces.

Graphical abstractDOPC monolayer and bilayer formation, with and without GM1, on silica and hydrophobized silica, respectively. It shows asymmetric distribution of the GM1 and phospholipid flip-flop in the bilayer.Figure optionsDownload full-size imageDownload as PowerPoint slide