Heterogenization of the biodiesel synthesis catalysis: CaO and novel calcium compounds as transesterification catalysts

Although CaO is one of the most studied basic heterogeneous catalysts for the synthesis of biodiesel, there are important issues that have been addressed by only a few research groups and that deserve further investigation. This is the case of the difficulties introduced by the poisoning of CaO upon exposure to ambient air and the role played by CaO-glycerol complexes on the catalytic performance. The purpose of this work is to provide new information on these issues in order to contribute to a better understanding of the underlying phenomena. Four commercial CaO samples have been considered to investigate their activation and stability under reaction conditions. In addition, calcium glyceroxide, and, for the first time, calcium glycerolate, have been synthesized and compared with the materials obtained from the commercial samples. The solids have been characterized with special emphasis on the assessment of their basic properties. The catalytic tests revealed big differences between the performance of the commercial solids that were substantially reduced after calcination and, specially, Ca-glyceroxide formation during reaction. Ca-glycerolate was the most resistant catalyst to ambient air although it was characterized by a low initial activity. Ca-glyceroxide could be reutilized for at least 5 reaction cycles without activity loss.