Advances in the clinical translation of nanotechnology

•Particle size provides advantages of multivalency and multi-functionality, and new properties.•Size, shape, charge, hydrophobicity, porosity, stiffness, and biodegradability are consequential.•The systemic and cellular pharmacology of these new particles is still poorly understood.•Nanomaterials will interact in unusual ways with cells within the body.•Diagnostic nanoparticles can be adapted for use with MRI, PET, SPECT imaging modalities.

The use of novel materials in the nano-scale size range for applications in devices, drugs and diagnostic agents comes with a number of new opportunities, and also serious challenges to human applications. The larger size of particulate-based agents, as compared to traditional drugs, allows for the significant advantages of multivalency and multi-functionality. However, the human use of nanomaterials requires a thorough understanding of the biocompatibility of the synthetic molecules and their complex pharmacology. Possible toxicities created by the unusual properties of the nanoparticles are neither well-understood, nor predictable yet. A key to the successful use of the burgeoning field of nanomaterials as diagnostic and therapeutic agents will be to appropriately match the biophysical features of the particle to the disease system to be evaluated or treated.

Graphical abstractTherapeutic RNAi wrapped around and protected by a carbon nanotube, adhered by high affinity electrostatic interactions, can be delivered to target cells. For details see Ref. [1•].Download high-res image (157KB)Download full-size image