ReviewA decade+ of operando spectroscopy studies

•Chronology of the evolution of operando spectroscopy is presented.•Over a decade of operando spectroscopy studies are extensively reviewed.•Operando spectroscopy has significantly improved catalysis science.•Publications using operando spectroscopy continue to significantly increase annually.

Because of the ability to directly probe the catalyst under reaction conditions, operando studies have significantly improved the catalysis literature. The number of operando publications continues to increase. Historical and current operando spectroscopy studies concerning all catalyst types and applications are extensively reviewed.

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