Review of trends in biogas upgradation technologies and future perspectives

Biogas is a futuristic renewable energy with high market potential due to wide scale availability of organic biomass, and for facilitating countries in meeting sustainable development goals related with creating and providing access to renewable energy. It has potential of being developed as a vehicular fuel or for generating electricity that can be injected into power grids. Despite its prospect, it faces criticism, such as limited contributions in reducing carbon emissions as compared to solar and wind. Consequentially, for higher efficiency and for better commercialization, it is impending not only to upgrade raw biogas but also utilize the energy value of off-gas. Currently available methods have high operating costs and are energy intensive, limiting the commercial applications of biogas. This review is aimed at presenting the state-of-art upgradation technologies currently available and the ones which are promising. It also discusses the future perspectives for overcoming the challenges associated with upgradation.