A comparison of thermal energy storage models for building energy system optimization

The results conclude that both models, capacity and stratification models, generate electricity driven schedules. In the capacity model, the minimum energy content is typically set to a constant value, mostly zero, while the layered storage model allows for implementing more accurate restrictions, such as the required flow temperature based on the building's heating curve. Consequently, the capacity model overrates the system's efficiency, thus underestimating the operating costs by 6-7%.