The impact of land use constraints in multi-objective energy-noise wind farm layout optimization

Recently the environmental impact of onshore wind farms is receiving major attention from both governments and wind farm designers. As land is more extensively exploited for wind farms, it is more likely for wind turbines to be in proximity with human dwellings, infrastructure (e.g. roads, transmission lines), and natural habitats (e.g. rivers, lakes, forests). This proximity makes significant portions of land unusable for the designers, introducing a set of land-use constraints. In this study, we conduct a constrained and continuous-variable multi-objective optimization that considers energy and noise as its objective functions, based on Jensen's wake model and the ISO-9613-2 noise standard. A stochastic evolutionary algorithm (NSGA-II) solves the optimization problem, while the land-use constraints are handled with static and dynamic penalty functions. Results of this study illustrate the effect of constraint severity and spatial distribution of unusable land on the trade-off between energy generation and noise production.