In Situ Out-of-Plane Testing of Unreinforced Masonry Cavity Walls in as-Built and Improved Conditions

The outcomes of the research program included determining the behaviour of URM cavity walls in one-way vertical flexure when bordered and when not bordered by rigid moment-resisting reinforced concrete frames; quantifying the improvement in drift levels of cavity walls prior to loss in strength and prior to collapse using a variety of cavity wall ties at different spacing; and establishing an equivalent solid wall thickness for cavity walls with various retrofit tie conditions for use in existing analytical models used to predict the OOP capacity of URM walls.