3D localization of moving target nodes using single anchor node in anisotropic wireless sensor networks

In this paper, novel 3D node localization algorithms using applications of Computational Intelligence (CI) for moving target nodes are attained using single reference node (anchor node) in an anisotropic network. Target nodes are randomly deployed at beneath and middle layers. Whereas single anchor node is deployed at top layer. Recent applications of Computational Intelligence (CI), i.e., Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO), H-Best Particle Swarm Optimization (HPSO), Biogeography Based Optimization (BBO) and Firefly Algorithm (FA) are used respectively to estimate the optimum location of moving target nodes. In this paper, each target node has heterogeneous properties (due to different battery backup statuses). Degree of Irregularity (DOI) of 0.01 is considered for radiation pattern. In heterogeneous network, the geometric distance between two nodes is not proportional to their hop count. Once a moving target falls under the range of a deployed anchor node, three virtual anchor nodes (minimum 4 anchor nodes are required for 3D positions) in surrounding of anchor and respective moving target node are projected by using umbrella projection form to find the 3D position. The proposed algorithms are designed for rescue operations in highly hostile environment.