A perception-oriented Markov model of loss incidents observed over VoIP networks

This paper proposes a comprehensive and rather detailed Markov loss model considering the distinguished perceived effects caused by different loss incidents. Specifically, it explicitly differentiates between (1) isolated 20 ms loss incidents which are inaudible by the human ears, (2) highly and lowly frequent short loss incidents (20-80 ms) that are perceived by humans as bubbles and (3) long loss incidents ( ≥  80 ms) inducing interruptions that dramatically decrease speech intelligibility. Our numerical analysis show that our Markov loss model captures subtle characteristics of loss incidents observed in empirical traces sampled over representative network paths.