Green geographical routing in vehicular ad hoc networks: Advances and challenges

Information and Communication Technologies consume about 3% of the worldwide energy. Therefore, developing green communication systems is necessary for all sectors of technologies. In addition, as other wireless devices might inter-communicate with Vehicular Ad hoc Networks (VANETs), power constraints for such devices have to be considered. Moreover, with the introduction of full and hybrid electrical vehicles, efficient energy consumption in vehicles communication is becoming necessary. Although geographical routing is a dominant routing approach in VANETs, packets routing through multi-hop communications consumes most of the communication energy of vehicles' wireless devices. This paper investigates the advances and challenges in green geographical routing protocols for VANETs, whereas existing protocols are classified to beacon based and beaconless. In particular, this review explored the different methods used by the green geographical routing protocols to reduced their energy consumptions. However, a considerable research work is required to improve VANETs green geographical routing and solve the problems highlighted in the “Challenges and critical issues” section.