A stochastic model with interacting managerial operating options and debt rescheduling

We develop a stochastic continuous time trade-off model with optimal capital structure that incorporates management's selection of optimal investment timing and switching between full-scale operations, reorganization and rescheduling and termination of operations (liquidation). We show that the presence of a firm's option for debt rescheduling reduces firm value by reducing the management's ability to raise debt. This negative impact on debt capacity is reduced in the presence of higher switching costs incurred by shareholders when seeking bankruptcy protection and debt rescheduling. Larger anticipated debt reduction in rescheduling results in the management (acting in the shareholders' interests) delaying returning to active full-scale operations which results in larger debt risk and credit spreads. On the positive side, more significant anticipated debt reduction in rescheduling results in reduced agency costs between shareholders and debt holders.