Dynamics of a predator-prey model with stage-structure on both species and anti-predator behavior

In this paper, we have formulated and studied a stage-structure predator-prey model. Here, we consider stage-structure on both prey as well as predator population which means that the prey population is divided into two sub populations such as juvenile prey and adult prey, on the other hand, the predator population is also divided into two sub populations such as juvenile predator and adult predator. It is assumed that only adult predator have the ability to predation and they consume both juvenile prey as well as adult prey. Here, it is also considered that the growth rate of juvenile prey depends upon the adult prey population i.e., the juvenile prey has no reproduction capability. Also, Holling II and Holling IV response function have been used for the consumption of juvenile prey and adult prey by adult predator respectively. It is also considered two types of factors such as anti-predator behavior and group defense to formulate our proposed model. Mathematically, we have analyzed the positivity and boundedness of solutions, existence of equilibria, stability of the proposed system around these equilibrium points and Hopf bifurcation of interior equilibrium point. Finally, some numerical simulations have been presented to validate our theoretical results.