Supervisory control of hybrid powertrains: An experimental benchmark of offline optimization and online energy management

The paper describes a chain of tools aimed at the development and validation of energy management strategies (EMS) for hybrid powertrains. These tools comprise an offline optimizer based on Pontryagin minimum principle (PMP) and the online equivalent consumption minimization strategy (ECMS), both implemented in a dynamic simulation platform and as a real-time controller in a semi-physical testing equipment. The results presented are aimed at illustrating the continuity of the various approaches by comparing the offline-generated energy management laws with their online counterparts, both in terms of trajectories over time and in terms of global results (fuel consumption, state-of-charge deviations).

► We present a methodology for the development of energy management strategies of HEVs. ► We use optimal control to generate energy management strategies offline. ► PMP technique allows online implementation of optimal energy management strategies. ► The use of PMP ensures continuity between offline and online energy management. ► Model-based approach ensures reusability for different HEV applications.