Modeling heat and mass transfer during ground freezing taking into account the salinity of the saturating fluid

Through a thermodynamically consistent framework, a fully coupled heat and mass transfer formulation considering the salinity effect was derived. This formulation was intended to capture the most relevant phenomena of ground freezing encountered in geotechnical applications. Particular attention was given to the phase change problem where appropriate simplifying assumptions were made in order to make the proposed methodology easier to apply in field applications. The proposed approach was validated by means of freezing-thawing laboratory tests, carried out on specimens initially fully saturated with sodium chloride solutions at various concentrations. Good agreement was obtained between the measured and predicted results.