Article ID | Journal | Published Year | Pages | File Type |
---|---|---|---|---|
7280982 | Brain, Behavior, and Immunity | 2015 | 16 Pages |
Abstract
Post-concussion syndrome is an aggregate of symptoms that commonly present together after head injury. These symptoms, depending on definition, include headaches, dizziness, neuropsychiatric symptoms, and cognitive impairment. However, these symptoms are common, occurring frequently in non-head injured controls, leading some to question the existence of post-concussion syndrome as a unique syndrome. Therefore, some have attempted to explain post-concussion symptoms as post-traumatic stress disorder, as they share many similar symptoms and post-traumatic stress disorder does not require head injury. This explanation falls short as patients with post-concussion syndrome do not necessarily experience many key symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder. Therefore, other explanations must be sought to explain the prevalence of post-concussion like symptoms in non-head injury patients. Many of the situations in which post-concussion syndrome like symptoms may be experienced such as infection and post-surgery are associated with systemic inflammatory responses, and even neuroinflammation. Post-concussion syndrome itself has a significant neuroinflammatory component. In this review we examine the evidence of neuroinflammation in post-concussion syndrome and the potential role systemic inflammation plays in post-concussion syndrome like symptoms. We conclude that given the overlap between these conditions and the role of inflammation in their etiologies, a new term, post-inflammatory brain syndromes (PIBS), is necessary to describe the common outcomes of many different inflammatory insults. The concept of post-concussion syndrome is in its evolution therefore, the new term post-inflammatory brain syndromes provides a better understanding of etiology of its wide-array of symptoms and the wide array of conditions they can be seen in.
Keywords
COX-2IL-8mTBISIRSREMIL-2IFN-γIL-10IL-1βPCDICD-10POCDDSM-IVIL-12MCP-1IFN-βMODSDSM-5ACTHIFN-αLPSIL-6PIBsTBIIL-1RAIL-1αTLR-4CFSmRNADAIRheumatoid arthritisTraumatic brain injuryBrain injuriesMild traumatic brain injuryDiffuse axonal injuryInterleukin 1 receptor antagonistpost-traumatic stress disorderPTSDpost-operative cognitive dysfunctioninflammationMRIinterferon αinterferon βinterferon γInterleukin 10interleukin 12interleukin 1αinterleukin 1βinterleukin 2interleukin 6Interleukin 8Magnetic resonance imagingtumor necrosis factor αcomputed tomographyrapid eye movementDiagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders IVPCsmessenger ribonucleic acidmulti-organ dysfunction syndromeChronic fatigue syndromePost-concussion syndromeSystemic inflammatory response syndromecyclooxygenase 2Brain concussionTNF-αlipopolysaccharideCSFCerebrospinal fluidHPAadrenocorticotropic hormonehypothalamic-pituitary-adrenalhuman immunodeficiency virusHIVmonocyte chemoattractant protein 1C-reactive proteinCRPToll-like receptor 4
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Authors
Alasdair Timothy Llewelyn Rathbone, Surejini Tharmaradinam, Shucui Jiang, Michel P. Rathbone, Dinesh A. Kumbhare,