The interplay between renewables penetration, costing and emissions in the sizing of stand-alone hydrogen systems

Results indicate the significance of integrating fuel cell start-up into the LPSP when optimising systems, another aspect not reported before and a modified LPSP is introduced. Furthermore, when sizing energy systems by reducing LCE, EE, and NPC, the favoured hybrid architecture appears to be WG-H2 over the others studied. For the same LPSP, an interesting finding is that increased renewables penetration (reduced dumped loads) affects the optimised solution but comes at a cost.