An imperialist competitive algorithm approach for multi-objective optimization of direct coupling photovoltaic-electrolyzer systems

The optimum system that focuses solely on maximum hydrogen production can produce 2.2% more hydrogen than with its objective being minimum energy transfer loss. However, it results in 68% more energy transfer loss in the process. The values can be adjusted with options that include a combination of the two objectives. Additionally, optimal variables can be found through the ICA method.