Article ID | Journal | Published Year | Pages | File Type |
---|---|---|---|---|
8287604 | Acta Histochemica | 2015 | 16 Pages |
Abstract
Myogenesis is controlled by an elaborate system of extrinsic and intrinsic regulatory mechanisms in all development stages. The aim of this review is to provide an overview of the different stages of myogenesis and muscle differentiation in mammals, starting from somitogenesis and analysis of the different portions that constitute the mature somite. Particular attention was paid to regulatory genes, in addition to mesodermal stem cells, which represent the earliest elements of myogenesis. Finally, the crucial role of growth factors, molecules of vital importance in contractile regulation, hormones and their function in skeletal muscle differentiation, growth and metabolism, and the role played by central nervous system, are discussed.
Keywords
5-HTWntA–PHGFbHLHTgf-αwingless-type MMTV integration site familyAChRMSX1MyogenesisIGFBPsFGFCASHDAC4SomitogenesisWT1ZPADHTEGFtetraiodothyronineD–VWilms’ tumor 1IGFTFRMRFNKDTransferrinHes7lFngbFGF5α-DihydrotestosteroneAERCAMshGHl-TryptophanTbxAChAcetylcholineMesenchymal–epithelial transitioninterleukintransforming growth factor-αTriiodothyroninetestosteroneLTPMuscle differentiationEMTLunatic fringeShhCNSRetinoic acidMyosin heavy chainembryonic stemSerotoninSomitecentral nervous systemperipheral nervous systemepidermal growth factorHepatocyte growth factorfibroblast growth factorbasic fibroblast growth factorInsulin-like growth factorapical ectodermal ridgeMHCBMPMETZone of polarizing activitycell adhesion moleculesMyotomeGrowth hormoneHuman growth hormoneHistone deacetylase 4IGF-binding proteinsbone morphogenetic proteinsdorsal–ventralcatecholaminesPNSEpithelial–mesenchymal transitionacetylcholine receptor
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Authors
Giuseppe Musumeci, Paola Castrogiovanni, Raymond Coleman, Marta Anna Szychlinska, Lucia Salvatorelli, Rosalba Parenti, Gaetano Magro, Rosa Imbesi,