Article ID | Journal | Published Year | Pages | File Type |
---|---|---|---|---|
8317215 | Clinical Biochemistry | 2015 | 32 Pages |
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) represents a spectrum of diseases involving hepatic fat accumulation, inflammation with the potential progression to fibrosis and cirrhosis over time. NAFLD is often associated with obesity, insulin resistance, and diabetes. The interactions between the liver and the gut, the so-called “gut-liver axis”, play a critical role in NAFLD onset and progression. Compelling evidence links the gut microbiome, intestinal barrier integrity, and NAFLD. The dietary factors may alter the gut microbiota and intestinal barrier function, favoring the occurrence of metabolic endotoxemia and low grade inflammation, thereby contributing to the development of obesity and obesity-associated fatty liver disease. Therapeutic manipulations with prebiotics and probiotics to modulate the gut microbiota and maintain intestinal barrier integrity are potential agents for NAFLD management. This review summarizes the current knowledge regarding the complex interplay between the gut microbiota, intestinal barrier, and dietary factors in NAFLD pathogenesis. The concepts addressed in this review have important clinical implications, although more work needs to be done to understand how dietary factors affect the gut barrier and microbiota, and to comprehend how microbe-derived components may interfere with the host's metabolism contributing to NAFLD development.
Keywords
AMPKSIBOSmall intestine bacterial overgrowthZO-1PAI-1SOCS-3GLP-2TLRNAFLDFIAFSCFAsHFDLPSIL-6ALTNF-kBNrf2IL-1AMP-activated protein kinaseTJsASTAspartate aminotransferaseAlanine aminotransferasetight junctionsnonalcoholic steatohepatitisLinoleic acidShort chain fatty acidsmetabolic endotoxemiainterleukin 1interleukin 6Nonalcoholic fatty liver diseasetoll like receptorHigh fat dietsuppressor of cytokine signaling-3Dietary factorsTNF-αnuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2nuclear factor-κBLipopolysaccharidesIntestinal barrierPlasminogen activator inhibitor-1gut microbiomeZonula occludens-1Nash Glucagon-like peptide-2
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Authors
Irina A. Kirpich, Luis S. Marsano, Craig J. McClain,