Dietary lipid concentration affects liver mitochondrial DNA copy number, gene expression and DNA methylation in large yellow croaker (Larimichthys crocea)

In response to changes in energy demand and nutrient supply, the organism regulates mitochondrial metabolic status to coordinate ATP production. To survey mitochondrial metabolic adaptation in response to dietary lipid concentration, citrate synthase (EC 2.3.3.1, CS) activity, the expression of several mitochondrial transcription factors, mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) copy number, mitochondrial gene expression, mtDNA methylation, and oxidative stress parameters were analyzed in the liver of large yellow croaker fed one of three diets with a low (6%), moderate (12%, the control diet) or high (18%) crude lipid content for 70 d. MtDNA copy number was significantly increased in the low- and high-lipid groups compared to the control. The transcription of cytochrome c oxidase 1 (COX1), COX2, COX3, ATP synthase 6 (ATPase 6), 12S rRNA and 16S rRNA was also significantly increased in the low-lipid group compared with the control, while the transcription of these genes in the high-lipid group was unchanged. Moreover, D-loop (displacement loop) methylation in the high-lipid group was significantly higher than the control. The increase in mtDNA copy number and mitochondrial transcription might be a compensatory mechanism that matches ATP supply to demand under a low-lipid diet, while the increase of mtDNA copy number with unchanged mitochondrial transcription in the high-lipid group probably came from the increase of D-loop methylation.