Immunomodulation and cancer: Using mechanistic paradigms to inform risk assessment

The models described above demonstrate formidable complexity when trying to understand the potential risks associated with alterations in immune status that arise from use of therapeutic immunomodulators. These models can be used to guide our assessments when assessing or predicting the risk of cancer associated with immunomodulation, and can be used to guide mechanistic experiments to understand the role of specific components of immunity in regulating or contributing to cancer risk.