Microglia activation in rat spinal cord by systemic injection of TLR3 and TLR7/8 agonists

Thus, these stimulators of the innate immune system have, after peripheral administration, clearly effects on the innate immune system of the spinal cord. This should be considered in the design of clinical trials, as both TLR ligands have been used in patients. As injections of TLR ligands can be used to modulate immune activity in the spinal cord, such agents might be tools to modulate local regenerative processes in the spinal cord.