Long-term approaches to native woodland restoration: Palaeoecological and stakeholder perspectives on Atlantic forests of Northern Europe

▶ Legislative emphasis on oak is too narrow for the sustainability of northerly Atlantic woodlands. ▶ Supporting birch growth may increase resilience and provide niches for broader woodland diversity. ▶ Restoration is occurring in the strongest period of woodland expansion in 500 years. ▶ Existing conservation values may not transpose to new woods without assistance. ▶ Learning from multiple temporal perspectives can contribute to adaptive management.